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- CULTURES, Page 54COVER STORIESBORNEOThe Penans Stand By Their Land
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- After millenniums of hunting and gathering in the forests of
- north Borneo, the few hundred Penans who still cling to nomadic
- ways find themselves besieged by the full force of the 20th
- century. Loggers have invaded their turf, which is part of
- Malaysia, scarring the land, felling fruit trees, killing game
- and polluting rivers. Missionaries vie for the Penans' souls,
- while development-minded officials disparage their existence as
- primitive.
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- These nomads, however, possess an abiding belief that
- their way of life is precious. During the past few years, they
- have mounted a stirring, nonviolent campaign to defend the
- forests, which are their libraries, shops and larders. "We
- cannot be separated from the land where our ancestors have
- lived," says Asik Nyelik, the headman of Sungai Ubong who has
- twice been arrested for joining barricades to halt the loggers.
- Though the lure of modern living has reduced the nomadic Penans
- from 13,000 two decades ago to perhaps 500 today, those who
- remain see few advantages in choosing the "barren" road over the
- spongy, shady forest floor. Says Nyelik: "I don't see that
- settled Penans are doing any better than we are."
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- Nyelik's longhouse, as the nomads' communal bases are
- called, is unusual in that it has not only resisted settlement
- but has retained its animist beliefs. Other longhouses have
- converted to Christianity, a change that they find brings some
- practical benefits, but at a price. Gone are medicines that
- involved spells, as well as taboos on women's eating leopard,
- monkey, sun bear and python. One old hunter says Christianity
- has simplified life. "Before, if I went from one place to
- another, I had to worry about taboos," he says. "What dream did
- I have last night, what route should I take? Now I just go
- there." On the other hand, he says, since converting, he no
- longer has the dreams that in the past would presage a
- successful hunt. He also laments that fewer and fewer of the
- young learn the art of creating the clever, flowery songs that
- used to commemorate visits and noteworthy events.
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- Along with Christianity have come axes, cooking pots,
- clothing and bedding, but nomadic Penans insist that modern
- goods do not threaten their way of life. Most Penan hunters
- still prefer blowpipes to guns, and a group of headmen insists
- that if Western goods disappeared, their longhouses could get
- along just fine so long as the forest remained. This is why
- after years of arrests, imprisonment and fruitless legal efforts
- to halt the logging, the Penans continue to blockade the timber
- roads. "If we die," says Nyelik, "we die in the forest. There
- is no other place for us to go."
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